Compensating for Ideality Factor and Series Resistance Differences between Thermal Sense Diodes
Abstract: When using an external thermal diode to measure temperature, the accuracy of the temperature measurement depends on the characteristics of the external diode. Two critical parameters that affect measurement accuracy are ideality factor and series resistance. This application note explains the effects of these parameters on remote temperature sensor measurements and discusses how to determine compensation factors for their effects.
The most common approach to measuring temperature with a "remote
diode" temperature sensor is to force two different currents through
the diode¹, typically with a current ratio of about 10:1. The
diode's voltage is measured at each current level and the temperature
is calculated based on the equation,
IH is the larger diode bias current
IL is the smaller diode bias current
VH is the diode voltage while IH is flowing
VL is the diode voltage while IL is flowing
n is the ideality factor of the diode (nominally 1, but varies with processing)
k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38x10-23joules/K)
T is the temperature in K
q is the charge of an electron (1.60x10-19C)
If = 10, this can be simplified to:
Ideality Factor Correction
Note that the accuracy of the temperature reading depends on the value
of n. If the remote diode sensor is designed to produce correct readings
with a diode that has a specific value of n, changing to a diode with
a different ideality factor will change the apparent measured temperature.
Correcting for differences in ideality factor is done as follows: Assume
a remote diode sensor designed for a nominal ideality factor nNOMINAL
is used to measure the temperature of a diode with a different ideality
factor nACTUAL. The measured temperature TMEASURED
can be corrected using,
where T is the temperature in °K.
Most remote diode temperature sensors for CPUs are designed to produce
accurate temperature data when used with an ideality factor of 1.008.
Some newer CPU thermal sense diodes have lower ideality factors. To use
a CPU optimized for an ideality factor of 1.008 with a CPU that has an
ideality factor of 1.0021, the data can be corrected (assuming no series
resistance) as follows:
For an actual temperature of 85°C (358.15°K), the measured
temperature will be 82.91°C (356.06°K), an error of -2.09°.
Note that the error is proportional to absolute temperature. At 125°C,
the error increases to -2.32°.
Series Resistance Correction
Series resistance in one of the diodes contributes additional errors.
For the nominal diode currents of 10µA and 100µA used in Maxim's remote
temperature sensors, the change in the measured voltage will be,
Since 1°C corresponds to 198.6µV, series resistance contributes
a temperature offset of
Assume that the diode being measured has a series resistance of 3.86Ω.
The series resistance contributes an offset of
If the diode has an ideality factor of 1.0021 and series resistance of
3.86Ω, the total offset
can be calculated as follows. Combining the correction for series resistance
with the correction for ideality factor, we have
for a diode temperature of 85°C. Thus, in this case the effect of
the series resistance and the ideality factor partially cancel each other.
Note that if the diode bias current is different, the effect of series
resistance will change proportionally. For example, some remote temperature
sensors have diode bias currents two or more times larger than those of
Maxim's remote sensors. The resulting temperature errors can be on
the order of two or more degrees larger than those observed with Maxim's
sensors.
¹This diode is not a two-lead rectifier or
signal diode like a 1N4001. Such diodes will not work with remote-diode
temperature sensors. Instead, the diode is really a bipolar transistor
connected as a diode. If the transistor is a discrete unit, its base and
collector should be connected together. If the transistor is a substrate
PNP, the collector will be grounded and the base and emitter serve as
the cathode and anode. When "diode" is used in this document,
it refers to the diode-connected transistors described above.
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= 10, this can be simplified to:
